Skin Cancer
Introduction
A form of cancer that starts in the epidermis cells is called skin cancer. Due to DNA damage, which can be brought on by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or tanning beds, it is brought on by the abnormal development of skin cells. The three major types of skin cancer are as follows:
- Basal cell carcinoma: The most prevalent form of skin cancer. Usually on the face, head, or neck, it presents as a waxy or pearly bump on the epidermis.
- Squamous cell carcinoma: This form of skin cancer typically manifests as a solid, raised bump or a red, scaly patch on the skin.
- Melanoma: This form of skin cancer is the most deadly. Anywhere on the body, including areas that are not exposed to the sun, can acquire it.
For effective outcomes, skin cancer treatment and early detection are crucial. Early detection and treatment of skin cancer depend on regular self-examinations of the skin, particularly those areas that are frequently exposed to the sun, and visits to a dermatologist for skin cancer screenings. Skin cancer can also be prevented by using sun safety measures like sunscreen and protective clothing.
Pathophysiology
Usually as a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, skin cancer occurs when mutations or changes take place in the DNA of skin cells. These mutations cause the skin cells to multiply and expand out of control, which results in the growth of a tumour. In addition to UV radiation, a number of other variables, such as hereditary predisposition, exposure to chemicals, and immunosuppression, can result in DNA mutations in skin cells that accumulate over time, contributing to the pathophysiology of skin cancer. These mutations prevent healthy cell development and division, which allows cells to grow and divide uncontrollably and create tumours.
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms of skin cancer can vary depending on the type of cancer and its stage. Some common symptoms of skin cancer include:
- A new mole or one that is changing: Skin cancer can manifest as either a new growth on the skin or a transformation of an old mole.
- An unhealing sore: Skin cancer can be indicated by a chronic sore or ulcer that does not go away in a few weeks.
- A lump or bump: On the skin, a skin cancer tumour may resemble a raised mass or bump.
- Rough or scaly patches: In addition to causing rough or scaly areas on the skin, skin cancer can also cause them to bleed or ooze.
- Itching or bleeding: A lesion from skin cancer may itch or bleed for no obvious reason.
How do Dermatologists treat Skin Cancer?
The treatment of skin cancer depends on the type of cancer, its location, and its stage. Dermatologists use a variety of methods to treat skin cancer, including:
- Surgery: The first-line therapy for skin cancer is frequently surgery. Surgery aims to eliminate the cancerous growth as well as some healthy tissue that is nearby. The type of anaesthesia used during the operation will depend on the size and location of the cancer.
- Mohs surgery: This specialised surgical procedure is used to treat some forms of skin cancer, especially those that occur on the face and other areas where it is crucial to preserve healthy tissue.
- Radiation treatment: High-energy radiation is used in radiation therapy to kill cancer cells. When surgery is not an option or in combination with operation, it is frequently used.
- Topical medicines: Topical medicines like imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil, or ingenol mebutate can be used to treat some kinds of skin cancer. These treatments function by causing the cancer cells to die and are applied straight to the skin.
- Cryotherapy: Cryotherapy uses liquid nitrogen to freeze the malignant tissue. Treatment of small, early-stage cutaneous cancers frequently involves it.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a type of systemic medicine used to eradicate cancer cells. Although it is rarely used to treat skin cancer, it might be in more severe instances or when the disease has spread to other body parts.
