Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Eczema, another name for atopic dermatitis, is a persistent inflammatory skin disease characterised by dry, itchy, and red skin. It is a specific eczema that frequently starts in childhood and can last into maturity. Although the precise causes are not fully known, atopic dermatitis is believed to be brought on by genetic, environmental, and immune system factors.
Pathophysiology
Atopic dermatitis (AD) involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors.
- Genetic factors: Several genes linked to AD have been discovered.
- Environmental aspects: A person’s exposure to irritants, allergens, and microbes can cause or exacerbate the signs of AD.
- Immune system dysfunction: It is believed that in people with AD, the immune system overreacts to triggers, causing inflammation and skin damage.
- Dysfunction of the skin barrier: People with AD have a damaged skin barrier, allowing allergens and pollutants to enter the skin and cause an immune reaction.
A detailed medical history, physical examination, and occasionally skin testing are usually required to diagnose atopic dermatitis. Your doctor will probably inquire about your symptoms, including when they began, how frequently they appear, and what might cause them. They might also inquire about any family history of allergies or skin problems. Your doctor will carefully inspect your skin during the physical examination to look for any indications of inflammation, redness, or scaling. To rule out any allergens or sensitivities causing your symptoms, they might also conduct a skin patch test. The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is usually made using a combination of clinical symptoms, medical history, and physical examination findings because there is no single test for the condition.
Signs and Symptoms
A range of symptoms can be brought on by the chronic skin disease atopic dermatitis. Although the signs can differ from person to person, some typical ones are as follows:
- Dry, itchy skin: The skin may be dehydrated, scaly, and scratchy. Extreme itching may result in further skin harm from scratching.
- Redness and inflammation: The affected skin regions may appear red and swollen during flare-ups.
- Cracking and oozing: In extreme instances, the skin may develop a crusty, cracked appearance, and fluid may ooze from the affected areas.
- Thickened, leathery skin: Prolonged scratching and rubbing can cause the skin to harden and become leathery over time.
- Sleep disturbance: Atopic dermatitis-related itching and pain can interfere with sleep, making people tired and irritable.
- Tiny bumps or blisters: On occasion, the skin’s affected regions may develop tiny bumps or blisters.
How do Dermatologists treat Atopic Dermatitis?
A multifaceted strategy is usually used to treat atopic dermatitis to reduce inflammation, relieve itching, and repair the skin barrier. The following are typical therapies for atopic dermatitis:
- Topical corticosteroids: These drugs are used topically to treat irritation and inflammation of the skin. The particular drug and dosage will rely on the severity of the symptoms, and they are available in different strengths and formulations.
- Topical calcineurin inhibitors: These drugs are additionally topically applied and function by decreasing inflammation. They are frequently used as corticosteroid substitutes, particularly for temperate regions like the face and neck.
- Emollients are moisturising lotions or ointments that aid in regenerating the skin barrier and hydrating the skin. They can aid in easing irritation and avoiding flare-ups.
- Antihistamines: These drugs can relieve itching and improve sleep. They have frequently applied with other therapies.
- Wet dressings: In severe instances, the skin may be covered in wet dressings to help reduce itching and soothe inflammation.
- Phototherapy: This treatment includes exposing the skin to ultraviolet light, which can lessen itchiness and inflammation. Usually, it is applied to more serious instances of atopic dermatitis.
- Oral medications: Immunosuppressants and antibiotics are examples of oral medications that may be given to treat symptoms.
Collaborating closely with a dermatologist or other healthcare professional with skin problems is crucial to create a specialized, individualised treatment plan that meets your unique requirements.
