Melasma
Introduction
The skin disease melasma frequently results in dark, patchy areas on the face. Because it frequently happens during pregnancy, it is also known as chloasma or the “mask of pregnancy.” But it can also impact both males and women who are not expecting. Melanin production in the epidermis is increased by melasma, which is triggered by hormonal changes, sun exposure, and some medications. The substance that gives the skin, hair, and eyes their colour is called melanin. Melasma usually affects the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip, though it can also affect the neck and arms. The patches might be spread evenly on each side of the face.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of melasma is not completely understood, but it is believed to involve the overproduction of melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Melasma is thought to be triggered by hormonal changes, sun exposure, and certain medications. Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or with the use of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, can stimulate the production of melanin in the skin. This can lead to the formation of dark, patchy areas on the face. Sun exposure is also a major factor in the development of melasma. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can trigger the production of melanin in the skin, leading to the formation of dark patches. This is why melasma is more common in people who live in sunny areas or who spend a lot of time outdoors. In addition to these triggers, there may be genetic factors that contribute to the development of melasma. People with a family history of the condition may be more likely to develop it themselves.
Signs and Symptoms
The development of dark, patchy areas on the face, particularly on the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip, is the primary sign of melasma. The patches typically have a defined border and are brown or grey-brown in colour. Melasma can manifest as symmetrical spots on either side of the face. Other sun-exposed areas of the body, like the armpits and neck, may also develop the patches. Some people with melasma may also experience itching or a burning sensation in the affected regions in addition to the development of dark patches. These signs, though, are uncommon and typically minor. Melasma is a cosmetic issue and isn’t frequently accompanied by other signs or health issues.
How do Dermatologists treat Melasma?
Depending on the severity of the condition, the patient’s skin type, and their concerns, dermatologists may use a variety of treatment choices to manage melasma. The following are some of the most popular melasma treatments:
- Topical drugs: To lighten the skin and lessen the appearance of melasma, dermatologists may recommend topical drugs like hydroquinone, tretinoin, or azelaic acid. These drugs function by preventing the skin’s pigment from being produced.
- Chemical peels: In order to improve the appearance of melasma, chemical peels entail applying a chemical solution to the skin and removing the top layers of skin. Those with mild to moderate melasma benefit most from this therapy.
- Microdermabrasion: To reduce the appearance of melasma, the outer layers of epidermis are removed using a specialised tool. Those with mild to moderate melasma benefit most from this therapy.
- Laser treatment: Laser therapy targets and fragments the skin’s pigmented cells using concentrated light beams. Those who have more severe melasma benefit most from this therapy.
- Sun protection: Any melasma treatment strategy must include sun protection. To lessen the impacts of UV radiation on the skin, dermatologists may advise wearing sunscreen, hats, and protective clothing.
